Can chickens treated with salicylates transfer it to meat and eggs?

Details

I've often thought of animals as outsourcing the conversion of nutrients that I need but can't do on my own. But what happens if salicylates transfer through animals into their meat and eggs? This researcher shows that chickens treated with salicylates can retain salicylates in blood, meat, liver, and eggs, although likely still negligible for salicylate sensitive individuals. This video covers the benefits of treating animals and chickens with salicylates, including increasing fertility and muscle mass, decreasing heat stress, what happens if fed a corn diet, and some of my own thoughts.

In addition to my thoughts in the video, I have a few extra observations and errors below that wasn't addressed in the video and caught during editing.

 

This research paper covers a lot of interesting information! Here's an overview:

  • Why are we reviewing this article: 0:00
    • Do I need to worry about animals treated with aspirin before they are harvested?
  • Article information: 2:55
    • Protasiuk, E., & Olejnik, M. (2020). Residues of salicylic acid and its metabolites in hen plasma, tissues and eggs as a result of animal treatment and consumption of naturally occurring salicylates. Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment, 37(6), 946–954. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2020.1744740 Abstract at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32240053/
  • Benefits of giving chickens salicylates (natural foods or medicine): 4:10
    • Increased egg production, decreased heat stress, increased meat production
    • Salicylates are a good medicine to treat inflammation, pain, and lung infections
    • Paprika added to diet increases the yellow-gold look in eggs.
  • Interesting salicylate facts learned 8:16
    • How salicylates are processed in bodies - and how they differ between humans, rats, birds, and other animals.
    • What are MRLs- Does Europe already have rules in place about what animals can receive salicylates?
  • Research method 15:05
    • Four groups: Chickens were placed on a certain diet/treatment for 7 days: no sals, corn diet, sodium salicylate, and acetylsalicylate (aspirin). At the end of the treatment, chickens were harvested over two weeks and levels of salicylates were measured in their blood (plasma), muscle (meat), and liver. A portion of the group were allowed to live, and salicylate levels in eggs were measured during the treatment and withdraw period.
  • The results of salicylates in liver, meat, blood, and eggs 18:21
  • Conclusions - What's my risk? 24:58
    • Overall, the researchers concluded that risk was quite low for salicylate sensitive people. While it is possible that salicylates can be transferred. Meat, liver and blood all resulted in minuscule amounts.
    • Chickens in warmer climates might be treated with salicylates more often, and may pose a risk to those sensitive. Or this could be a seasonally treated situation that could affect you.
    • Animals fed a corn-fed diet had quite low-levels, and shouldn't be worried about as much. See my notes below on this.

 

Concerns and Errors

I'm sure there are just so few nerds out there really reading this stuff. I think the paper, method, and results were very solid and I have no concerns regarding that portion. I do have a few concerns with the paper and references that I missed when filming the video in the discussion and when citing the references. I'm also disappointed that this was peer-reviewed and still missed.

From Protasiuk and Olejnik 2020, page 6
We have found in our previous study that corn was the only feed material that could be an important source of salicylates to animals (Protasiuk and Olejnik 2018). The corn given to animals contained 1.18 mg/kg of salicylates, which is comparable to other recent studies (Kęszycka et al. 2017) but much lower than determined in 1985 using less selective methods (Swain et al. 1985). After administration of fresh corn to laying hens, SA occurred only incidentally in liver, muscle, plasma and eggs. The detected concentrations were low, reaching a maximum of 9.72 μg/kg in muscles and 82.3 μg/kg in eggs (Figure 1 and Table 3). In the studies of food from the Polish market, residues of SA were not found in eggs or chicken breast, and in turkey, they were 25.3 μg/kg  Kęszycka et al. 2017). No residues of SA or ASA were found in porcine muscle, milk, egg, shrimp, eel, and flatfish sampled in the Republic of Korea (Zheng et al. 2019).

1.  Kęszycka et al. 2017 paper is titled Overall content of salicylic acid and salicylate in food available on the European Market. In it, it states that turkey has been found to have 2.53 μg/kg. This paper, Protasiuk and Olejnik, stated 25.3 μg/kg. Being off by a tenth is a big deal on some of these measurements. There was no need to convert the micro- to milli- grams here, so this is just a simple typo.

2. The same paper, Kęszycka et al. 2017, is referenced stating that these researchers (Protasiuk and Olejnik from hen study) had similar results to that of Kęszycka's study where they measured corn. Um - no. Corn was never measured in Kęszycka's published paper, except that of corn flour. Kęszycka measured corn flour at 0.79 free mg/kg, and 2.27 free+bound mg/kg. I think measuring fresh corn fed to chickens, compared to milled corn flour is a really big difference. Not only that, but the amount of water in a food can greatly affect how we classify foods with salicylates.

3. The point of mentioning step 2, was to compare how wildly different this researcher (Protasiuk and Olejnik) and Kęszycka's results were from Swain et al.'s 1985 study. Again, another misstep.  Swain actually tested several corns: fresh corn: 1.3mg/kg, canned corn at 2.6mg/kg, creamed corn at 3.9 mg/kg, and cornmeal at 4.3mg/kg. Swain's fresh corn level of 1.3mg/kg is actually the closest to Protasiuk and Olejnik's corn study which measured 1.18mg/kg.

4. I have concerns that they chose corn, which they chose to classify as a diet high in salicylates. The level 1.18mg/kg they tested is actually quite low. If it weren't for Malakar's 2017 study of 16.48mg/kg (Very High) which includes free and bound salicylic acid, fresh corn would otherwise be listed in the low list. It's been listed by RPAH as high, but that includes both salicylates and amines, so it's hard to figure where it would otherwise be listed if only reporting out on sals.

5. I wish they'd include a picture of the corn they used, or elaborate on what type of fresh corn they used. Field corn is used for animal feed and differs a bit from fresh yellow or sweet corn, and not considered a human food.

 

Articles referenced

  • Kęszycka PK, Szkop M, Gajewska D. Overall Content of Salicylic Acid and Salicylates in Food Available on the European Market. J Agric Food Chem. 2017;65(50):11085-11091. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04313
  • Malakar S, Gibson P R, Barrett J, Muir J G. Naturally occurring dietary salicylates: A closer look at common Australian foods. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2017; 57:31-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2016.12.008. View full pdf at: https://www.fedup.com.au/images/stories/Malakarsalicylate2017.pdf.
  • Protasiuk, E., & Olejnik, M. (2020). Residues of salicylic acid and its metabolites in hen plasma, tissues and eggs as a result of animal treatment and consumption of naturally occurring salicylates. Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment, 37(6), 946–954. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2020.1744740 Abstract at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32240053/
  • Swain AR, Dutton SP, Truswell AS. Salicylates in foods. J Am Diet Assoc. 1985;85(8):950–960. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4019987. View full pdf at: https://www.slhd.nsw.gov.au/rpa/allergy/research/salicylatesinfoods.pdf

 

Transcript

Provided for visual learners, improved accessibility, and for translating the page

[00:00:00]

Hi, everyone, welcome to Low-Sal-Life. My name is Sarah. And on this channel, we talk about salicylate sensitivity, which is basically kind of like an aspirin allergy or aspirin intolerance. And it can be found in more than just aspirin. It can be found in plants. It's kind of the big problem. And cosmetics or cleaners and fragrances. So, it's kind of hard, hard to manage. If you're new, go and check out my other videos about what it is and how to choose a list and how to get started and what foods are safe or not. Today we're talking about a research article, which is about giving animals that we eat aspirins, how long can it be in their system before it affects the food supply? As in if I go buy a chicken to eat, and I cook at home or whatever, can that meat have salicylates if the chicken was treated with salicylates while it was living. So, we're going to talk about a couple of things, this article is not available [as open access]. So, if you want to know more, email me, and I'll make sure that you get a copy, I can't post it on my website, just want to throw that out there. So, for these, I tend to go into a little bit more detail because the general public can't have access to it. And so fortunately, I have access to these types of articles. And that's the reason why I want to kind of spell them out for you. However, I'm not going to go into so much detail because as usual, like with some of the others, because I just kind of feel like it's really not that important. But I do think that this is something that we should be aware of, and know that our food supply is treated with salicylates even if the item is normally naturally salicylate free, so just something to think about.

This is most interesting to people with salicylate sensitivity, who would normally be able to eat chicken because it's low salicylate, maybe you're confused, you might have an amine issue because you know, you can't eat chicken and maybe it was you know, sat around too long. Or maybe you cooked it too long or something like that. But all the other amine like chocolate and decaf coffee and things like that are fine. So that that could be interesting to you. Or maybe you eat chicken all the time. And maybe this one time you had an issue. And you can't really like maybe you blamed your Iceberg lettuce that you had, which you would normally also be okay, but that one's green, and so therefore it's more guilty. So just a couple of things. It is possible to get meat with salicylates in it, but the frequency of it happening is very low. So, we'll talk about the take home at the end.

Okay, the article we're looking over today is called “Residues of salicylic acid and it’s metabolites in hen plasma, tissues and eggs as a result of animal treatment and consumption of naturally occurring salicylates”. This was done in Poland. So, shout out to the Polish crowd. I know we've had a couple of watchers, just let you know, I am now putting the full transcript of my videos into the website at low-sal-life.com. Every video gets a little blog post and at the bottom and putting a transcript. So that means that you can go to the website, you can convert it with like Google Translate or your browser or whatever and read the transcript in your native language. So that might be a lot easier to understand than trying to follow along or watch me on like .75 speed or something. Alright, done by Polish researchers Edyta Protasiuk and Malgorzata Olejnik. Okay. And it was by the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Vet Research Institute. I think it's really funny that we're reading veterinarian pages because it's not really like what we're normally reading. We're going to talk about what the benefits of treating chickens with salicylates are or animals in general, I thought this was interesting because I didn't know this. I do not raise chickens. I do not raise animals. I don't have pets. Okay. Just like in humans, aspirin is a great non steroid, anti-inflammatory drug. So, if you have aches and pains or bumps and bruises, treating with aspirin generally is great for the average person unless you're in our club. And that is true of animals. And it is used in vet sciences for livestock, including poultry. And I saw turkeys in there. I saw horses. Who else did I see in there? That's a good handful of them, oh, I saw beef in there, they usually will administer aspirin in water in the drinking water for the chickens to consume. So that's how they would normally get it.

[00:05:15]

In other animals. They would put methyl salicylate, which is kind of that Icy Hot type wintergreen oil, or it can get absorbed through the skin and reduce inflammation and pain that way. And I believe that that has been done on horses. Oh, it didn't say which animal, it said some of them are only used topically like methyl salicylate and salicylic acid, where acetyl salicylic acid that is actually aspirin. And its salts are used for systemic treatment, meaning that they can be consumed internally into the body. Great pain reducer, inflammation reducer. It's also been used for lung infections, like if somebody gets, you know, some kind of like pneumonia or flu or something like that. Aspirin can help with that. And then also, it can help reduce heat stress in animals, which is really great. There was another article referenced within the paper that said that salicylate have been noted to actually increase egg production, fertility in chickens, and production during hotter times. Like if the chickens were having heat stress, then if giving them salicylates would help improve their egg production, which if you're an egg farmer, way to go. Right. So, this paper also addressed something that, you know, is like one of my first questions like, you know, I eat beef, and I eat grass fed beef and corn-fed beef. In those cases, both grasses and corn have salicylates in them, if they're consuming that all the time, how does that increase the levels in their muscle meat? And so those are natural, right? Besides also possibly being treated with salicylates in this chicken study, they did take into account that some chickens eat corn, and that that can be a diet high in salicylates. And so, we'll talk about their method later, but that's something that they considered. I saw something that was very interesting, and it was that paprika increased the color of the yellow in the eggs. So also, if I was a chicken, I would really like paprika, because paprika is good. Oh, yeah, here you go. Herbs and spices contain high amounts of salicylates among the feed materials we have found significant amounts of salicylates in corn and paprika used as feed, which is an additive to enhance egg yolk color. So just let you know. Yeah, kind of interesting.

Alright, couple more things about how it improves the chicken farming industry. This one here says that aspirin was found to improve body weight of broiler chickens, so you sell meat, meat. And if you give them a little aspirin, they will get beefier [bigger], which is really interesting when given a certain concentration, and increased egg production. So, lots of different reasons to use it. So, we are going to talk about interesting things that aren't really related to the study but that they addressed in here. Okay, so interesting things that I learned were this is biotransformation of salicylates has been described in humans, I'm going to have to look this up, Wilson et al 1978 in Bojack et al 2015. Acetyl salicylic acid is converted to salicylic acid in the GI tract, both salicylic acid and acetyl salicylic acid have similar metabolic pathways. So, I always hear that, you know, the bulk of salicylate removal is done through the kidneys. And that might be true. But this paper kind of broke it down differently. So, I'm going to have to look up some of it and I don't know what all of it is. So, if you know more about it, definitely leave comments down below. I didn't think that it was relevant to go into it. But -- we're all learning together.

Okay. 10% of the dose of acetyl salicylic acid and salicylic acid are excreted through the kidneys in the form of salicylic acid, and 5% of the dose is hydroxylated to Gentisic acid 10% leaves to the kidneys, 5% gets translated to gentisic acid - GA is what they're calling it. And it says the main metabolites of salicylic acid are combined with glycine and produce glucuronic acid which is 70 to 75% of the dose. Now, I didn't look too much into it. I don't know about glucuronic acid, I do know that glycine is recommended if you have [salicylate sensitivity] that it might help metabolize it faster. And this is probably one reason, maybe it helps with that pathway by converting it, you know, and changing it.

[00:10:13]

I didn't confirm if this metabolite, the glucuronic acid, if humans still react to it, so I'm not sure about that. Regardless, they still measured it in the paper. So maybe it's possible we react to it, and maybe we don't. So anyway, I'm not making an assumption on it either way, because I don't know very much about it. Okay, so I thought that was interesting because of the kidney process. Of course, we don't know what the metabolite maybe eventually the glucuronic acid is excreted through the kidneys, and excretory system. So, I don't know very much about that. But if you do, maybe leave a research article, comment down below, and I can cover that in the future. This I also thought was interesting, and mostly because that Cayenne study just drives me crazy. It's on my research page, if you want to look at it, it's like under possible treatments. But yeah, be careful. There was a case where these rats could consume or metabolize salicylates a lot faster if they were given cayenne and have fewer reactions. So anyway, I know a lot of humans, desperately are trying to figure out how to manage their salicylate sensitivity and so they tried this method, which I don't really recommend. But it always baffles me, I mean, that's like just a thread of hope. And if you're desperate enough, you're going to try anything. The thing is, is that that hasn't been tried on humans. It was done on rats. So that's one thing to know, rats and humans are different. Like, yeah, it's good that we have that animal testing in the process, too, before we add, you know, try experimenting on ourselves. So, this says, depending on the species salicylic acid metabolism may differ both quantitatively and qualitatively. Humans and rats were found to produce the same metabolites, but their relative expression depended both on the species and on the applied dose. Oh my gosh, that was Patel et al in 1990. Something to consider and then this is comparing different animals in how they metabolize salicylates then it says in most species, including humans, pigeons, cattle and goats, Salicyluric acid the product of contribution of salicylates with glycine, but different than the glucuronic acid is the most abundant in some avian species, including hens, salicylic acid is conjugated with ornithine. Kind of interesting, everybody deals with it a little bit differently depending which animal you are.

One other thing to kind of about the backup of this paper, there is just so you know that there is regulation on how much animals can get of certain pharmaceuticals. So, this is called the maximum residue limits. So, this is there is some regulation about how much of a drug can be in the meat before you give it to humans. So, I'm going to just read this, it says although the above compounds are metabolized to salicylic acid, they have been differently assessed in terms of their safety for consumers. In most cases, it was found that a maximum residue limit - the MRL was not required. MRLs have only been set for basic aluminum salicylate in bovine, caprine, Equidae and rabbit so what is that? Cows, cattle, caprine... what is that? Is that like- rhymes with Capricorn? Is that goats? Equidae is horses and rabbit. Okay. And then sodium salicylate in turkeys, so and most of the stuff they're talking, I think maybe for Europe, I don't think these are worldwide regulations. So irrespective of differences in the results of risk assessment, non-salicylate compounds are allowed to be used orally in animals producing eggs for human consumption.

Okay, so that's good. I'll say it again, irrespective of differences in the results of risk assessment non-of the salicylate compounds are allowed to be used orally in animals producing eggs for consumption. Okay, so it's interesting, so that means that it's not being used. It is assumed that meat products and eggs and dairy are assumed to be without salicylates or very minimal traces of it. But little is known about the transfer of salicylates from plants of food of animal origin and cannot be excluded that people with salicylate intolerance, that's us, could experience adverse effects.

[00:15:04]

Okay, we're moving on. We're on the method section now. Okay, so basically, they talk about like how all their solutions where they got the corn where they got, you know how they treated muscle and plasma and everything. So, it took four sets of chickens, and they had four treatments for them. So, one is a control group. The control group was made sure that they met all of their protein and fat and carbohydrate and nutrient profile, but in just a plain chicken feed that they tested for absolutely no salicylates. So, these are just chicken pellets. If they have those available, maybe we can eat them. So, okay, so just chicken pellets in plain water. That's what they got. The second group was corn only diet, and they had to meet like a certain amount. They were allowed so much salicylate in their corn diet each day. Then there were two more chicken groups. One was fed, they were given a sodium salicylate dose every single day. And then the other chicken group was given acetyl salicylic acid, which is aspirin. So, you have your four chicken groups, you have your control with no salicylates, you have your natural salicylate diet, you have your sodium salicylate diet and your acetyl salicylic acid diet. All of these for seven days were recorded, how much food they ate, what their intake was, and everything. So, they knew exactly what the dose amounts were. Because obviously, you need to make sure that you know these two groups are receiving the same amount of salicylates, right. So, they should be pretty even. Okay, so you've got your four groups, seven days, at the end of that seven days, after the last dose of aspirin or corn was given, they started to harvest the birds at regular intervals. So, they took this the aspirin treatment off, they now started a 14 day treatment for all the other chickens, I got to live 14 days, they can eat as much food and as much water as they wanted. They're not going to, you know, monitor what they're eating anymore, except I'm assuming that there wouldn't be any aspirins in it. So, probably that salicylate free chicken feed.

So then at hours zero, and four hours after the dose, eight hours after the dose, 24 hours after the dose and 72 hours after the dose, they harvested chickens from each group. What they were looking at was if they're given an aspirin dose right at the same time that they are going to die. Is there like what does their blood or what does their muscle levels look like? I would imagine that your plasma, your muscle, your blood would be higher in salicylate but not yet converted into your muscle tissue. Right? So okay, so that that's the treatment. Now we're going to talk about the results. Basically, they then tested for different portions of the chicken. One was the liver, which salicylates tend to, you know get processed by the liver and the kidneys. And so generally, former tests have shown that livers have higher amounts of trace salicylates then normally the meat or dairy or eggs do in former test. So, they tested the liver, they tested the muscle, the meat, the chicken meat, they tested the plasma blood, and then they tested the eggs. Okay, and this is kind of one of those things where I don't really want to get into like the nitty gritty, but if you're really, really interested, you can go in and do the math, I recommend getting a converter. Generally, on my website, I have everything listed and it matches a lot of other research articles, especially the more modern ones. I do salicylic acid of milligrams per kilogram, so all the levels on here are micrograms per kilogram. So just something to think about. So, I'm only going to be using low, you know: none, low, moderate or high in these. But that doesn't mean that's high for us. That just means that it was like high compared to the others in this study, so you can go in and crunch the numbers and do the math, but I don't think it's really that needed. I might do one or two conversions at the end, but probably not. So, let's look at the graphs because I think that that's the most interesting and most relevant to what, what we're kind of trying to discover today.

[00:20:07]

So, first graph is residue of salicylic acid in liver, and you can see that there is again, these are in micrograms. So, I mean, this is like barely anything compared to milligrams, what we're used to thinking about per dose, you can see that the first one, which is the clear box, the empty box, that is basically your baseline of just, you know, maybe somehow they have salicylates in their liver, it is such a tiny, miniscule amount. But that kind of sets your baseline for what is normal. So, you can see that the groups three and four, that their boxes are about twice as high, so something to look at. And then you can also see that at zero hour after they were given an aspirin treatment that they had it in their liver, we'll skip down to the other boxes there. They had it in their muscles, and they had it in their plasma. And then you can also see that there is a decline over 72 hours to 14 days where it goes back to about baseline treatment with no salicylates. And even still, the 72-hour mark is actually really interesting, because those are almost back to basic, back to the base. So, for liver and for muscles, as long as the chickens wait three days, it's probably pretty safe for us to consume. The plasma is really interesting, though, that the salicylates hung around if salicylates and metabolites, but you can see the baseline for you know, the first two groups, so naturally fed salicylates, salicylate diet, and then the baseline diet control group that are very negligible, right? And then the level in the blood is so amazing, because at 72 hours and 14 days, they still have it in their system, which this is not, now we're not chickens. But this is really interesting, because, you know, it kind of gives you something to think about as far as that it takes three days sometimes to get a reaction, or some people get sick, and it takes them 10 days to recover, right? Yeah, depending on where your hang up is, like, if you can still have that in your plasma. That's amazing.

Now we'll look at like aspirin toxicity and how that kind of works, because there's a lot of studies related to that. And how humans metabolize aspirin and large doses, but something interesting. These graphs here, were for the after at zero hours to 14 days. So, this is looking at euthanized chickens. Okay, so we're not going to have a graph like this for eggs. So, the next chart is for eggs, because you actually have to have eggs, the chickens alive in order to do eggs. So the next graph shows that there's the administration of drugs, you know, while the chickens were taking aspirin, they were laying eggs, and then they went and measured that, and then they put them on the 14 day withdrawal period. And during that time, they the remaining chickens that were not euthanized, also laid eggs, and then it records or what their egg remains are. You can see in the figure two, it this explains that this is the deposition and depletion of residues of salicylic acid in whole eggs. So, the dark black line goes with the information on the left side. So that is for salicylic residue in eggs, group three. And then on the right side, there's another key on the right side, which has salicylic acid residues in eggs in group four.

Now, this looks like if you don't know better, that the dotted line is higher than the dark line. And therefore, group four metabolized much more poorly than group three. But I do want to point out that the this wasn't… I don't, the paper is really well done. This graph is kind of questionable. But you can see that there's zero starts at their 100 mark on the left side, so just something to think about. So basically, it's just revealing to us that during the administration of drug that eggs had a lot higher salicylates than during the withdrawal period, and it eventually tapered off and it didn't seem to matter if it was the salicylic acid or the acetyl salicylic acid. So that's what we learned from that. Conclusions. What's in it for me, what's the purpose of this of learning this? Thanks so much for your lesson in vet sciences today, sticking around they're kind of the take home message here is they're saying after administration of fresh corn to laying hens, salicylates occurred only incidentally in liver muscle plasma egg.

[00:25:19]

So, the concentrations were so low. And basically, it's not a problem. It said that in the size of food for the Polish market, residues of salicylates were not found in eggs or chicken breasts. Okay, and then there was another study, which I need to find 2019. This is exciting. There's so much good stuff in this paper. See, if you don't care about chicken, you can be vegan, and still learn a lot about ourselves and other studies just by reading this. Okay, so in Korea, no residues of salicylic acid or acetyl salicylic acid were found in porcine muscle, pork, milk, egg, shrimp, eel and flat fish. I'm so glad they tested shrimp because there's that rumor that's going around that shrimp has salicylate and that's just not true. Okay, so this is another thing to consider. So, they said even for Korea and for Poland, and maybe for me, because I'm in a somewhat northern environment in temperate areas, that those animals were probably not exposed to salicylates because they don't need it because they don't have heat stress.

This can mean that at least in the temperate climate zone, the animals are not exposed to salicylates through feed in the levels of salicylate in products of animals origin are negligible. So interesting. You know, there's a few people that I know that are in like more tropical areas, or really hot areas, and they have such a harder time managing their salicylates and the reactions, and they're like, I can't eat meat and kind of kind of makes me curious. So, the take home, the take home. Their conclusion was that the administration of salicylates to hens at feed additive levels result in low residue concentrations and fast depletion of salicylic acid. The residues of salicylic acid in hen tissues and eggs originating from exposure to naturally occurring salicylates are negligible.

So, the take home, you feed chickens aspirin, you're going to end up ingesting some within a certain timeframe. And it's going to be a very small amount, but possibly enough for reaction. The take home, though, is that if you eat an animal that eats naturally occurring salicylates, you probably aren't going to be at risk, as they found from a corn-fed diet, that those animals did not have high enough concentrations. So interesting. Well, I hope you guys have been stuck it out through this, because I had a lot of fun with this. You know, it's really intimidating to read these and work through them. But it's kind of fun, if you kind of just look for things that are kind of new to you, or things you might want to verify later. And then kind of just walk through the process. So overall, I'm very impressed with this article and the method that they used, which is so great. Of course, it's so much easier to test animals that people expect to die compared to, you know, testing on humans. So, a little bit different process that we can't just possibly do on our own. So, with that, I am going to call it a day. See how long this video edits down. And yeah, I hope you enjoyed that. And just kind of gives you a lot of stuff to think about. So, leave any comments down below, even if it's just a you know… weird topic today, but I hope to do more research articles like this. There are so many articles referenced in here that I think that we should be aware of. And you know, the more reading that we do, the more that we can think creatively about the process or think about, you know, what is it that causes this? Or how can we protect ourselves. So, now you guys are all going to go find your local farmers to go find you're not treated-aspirin chickens. Wonder if that's going to be a new market. New little seal, not treated with aspirin. Anyway, never know. Maybe someday. Alright. Talk to you later. Bye.